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Appendix:
Factors Contributing to Nutritional Deficiencies
From R. C. Schafer, DC, PhD, FICC's best-selling book:
“Symptomatology and Differential Diagnosis”
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1. General Factors Involved in Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
Several general factors are involved in vitamin and mineral deficiencies. For example, abnormal loss and utilization or subnormal absorption, intake, storage, or transport, singularly or in combination, may readily lead to symptoms of nutritional deficiency.
See Table A.1.
Table A.1. General Factors Involved in Vitamin and Mineral DeficienciesBasic Process Primary Suspect DisordersDecreased Congenital biliary Laxatives absorption atresia Mineral oil Cystic fibrosis Regional ileitis Dysentery Ulcerative colitis Intestinal cancer Decreased Anorexia Mouth/neck trauma intake Coma Oral/denture problems Dysphagia Starvation Increased Alcoholism Polyuria (eg, diabetes) loss Dialysis Sweating (chronic) Diarrhea (chronic) Tobacco Hemorrhage Vomiting (chronic) Increased Cancer Liver disease utilization Cardiac disease Pregnancy Diabetes Pulmonary disease Hyperthyroidism Pyrexia Kidney disease Alcohol use
2. Agents Contributing to Vitamin, Mineral, and Other Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
Drugs and nutrients often have adverse interactions. Drugs usually interfere with normal cellular nutrition by:(1) depressing the central appetite center,
(2) decreasing normal blood levels (eg, excessive excretion),
(3) interfering with the nutrient's storage or metabolism,
(4) developing a chemical antagonism (eg, inactivate),
(5) increasing the action of ingested antivitamins or antiminerals, or
(6) destroying intestinal bacteria necessary to synthesize the nutrient.
Table A.3. Agents Contributing to Mineral Deficiency SymptomsMineral Deficiency Antimineral FactorsCalcium Actinomycin D Mithramycin Amikacin Neomycin Barbituates Paromomycin Capreomycin Phyenytoin Cholortetracycline Plicamycin (Mithracin) Dactinomycin (Cosmegen) Stress (abnormal) Furosemide (Lasix) Tetracycline Gentamycin Thiazides Kanamycin Tobramycin Lack of exercise Viomycin Copper Ethanbutol Zinc (large intake) Penicillamine Iodine Thiazides Iron Aspirin Paromomycin Chloramphenicol Phosphorus (excessive) Coffee Prednisone Glucocorticoids Sulfasalazine Indomethacin Tea Kanamycin Tetracyclines Neomycin Zinc (excessive) Magnesium Cortisone Manganese Calcium (excessive) Thiazides Phosphorus (excessive) Phosphorus Alcohol Gentamycin Aluminum Iron (excessive) Amikacin Magnesium (excessive) Amphotericin Sugar (excessive) Calcium-containing antacids Tobramycin Capreomycin Viomycin Potassium Alcohol Neomycin Amikacin Para-aminosalicylic acid Amphotericin Paromomycin Coffee Salt (excessive) Cortisone Stress (abnormal) Diuretic drugs Sugar (excessive) Furosemide (Lasix) Thiazides Gentamycin Tobramycin Kanamycin Viomycin Laxatives Sodium Aluminum-containing antacids Magnesium-containing antacids Chlorine deficiency Neomycin Ethacrynic acid Paromomycin Kanamycin Potassium deficiency Zinc Alcohol Phosphorus deficiency Calcium (excessive) Tetracyclines Cortisone Thiazides
Miscellaneous Nutrients Antinutrient FactorsAmino acids Kanamycin Paromomycin Neomycin Trimethroprim Carotene Methotrexate (Folex, Mexate) Cholesterol Methotrexate (Folex, Mexate) Lipids Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) Neomycin Kanamycin Paromomycin Methotrexate (Folex, Mexate) Sugars Ampicillin Lincomycin (glucose, Chloramphenicol Methotrexate (Folex, Mexate) lactose, Clofibrate Neomycin xylose) Digitalis Para-aminosalicylic acid Kanamycin Paromomycin Some adverse nondrug factors include abnormal stress, aluminum cookware, diuretic beverages (eg, coffee, ethanol, tea), excessive sugar/starch intake, lack of exercise, laxatives, prolonged fever, radiation, tobacco, and severe surgery or trauma.
| 3. Disease States Contributing to Specific Nutritional Deficiencies |
Disorder Deficiency StateAcne A, B425, D, niacin, potassium Aging, premature C, calcium, E, pangamic acid Alcoholism A, B-complex, C, D, iron, magnesium, thiamine, zinc Allergies A, B4125, C, D, E, F, manganese, pantothenic acid Anemia B-complex, copper, iron Arthritis A, B425, B4125, C, calcium, D, E, pantothenic acid, sulfur Asthma, bronchial A, B4125, F, manganese, P, pangamic acid Atherosclerosis B465, C, choline, E, folate, inositol, pangamic acid, zinc Athletes foot A, B42 Baldness, nongenetic B-complex, C, copper, E, F, iodine, zinc Barbituate toxicosis B-complex Beriberi Thiamine Biliary atresia Fat-soluble vitamins, especially E Biliary cirrhosis Copper Bleeding gums C, P Bone loss Calcium Bronchitis A Bruising, easy K Burns E, para-aminobenzoic acid, potassium Bursitis B412 Cancer (certain forms) A, B-complex, C, protein Cardiovascular disease A, B-complex, C, E, F, magnesium, potassium Cataracts B42 Cholesteremia B465, C, choline, E, F, inositol, magnesium, pangamic acid Colds A, C, P Colic, infantile Potassium Colitis Iron Constipation B415, choline, inositol Cyanide toxicosis Folic acid Cystic fibrosis Fat-soluble vitamins, especially E Cystitis A, B465, C, D, E, pantothenic acid Dehydration Sodium Depression Magnesium Dermatitis Biotin, sulfur Diabetes A, B415, B425, chromium, manganese, phosphate, potassium Diarrheal disorders B415, B425, fat-soluble vitamins, folic acid, niacin Dizziness Choline, P Dry skin Para-aminobenzoic acid Dyspnea Pangamic acid Eczema A, biotin, D, F, P, sulfur Emphysema Pangamic acid Epilepsy B412 Eye hemorrhages K Facial oiliness B46 Fatigue, severe B4125, folic acid, manganese Febrile illnesses B-complex, C, protein Gallbladder disorders F Gallstones K Goiter Iodine Graying hair Para-aminobenzoic acid Growth retardation Phosphorus Halitosis Niacin Headaches Choline, pangamic acid Heat stroke Sodium Hemochromatosis Iron Hemorrhoids P Hemosiderosis Iron Hepatitis A, C Herpes B412 Hyperkinesis B-complex Hyperlipidemia Niacin Hypertension Choline, niacin, P, potassium Hyperthyroidism B-complex, iodine, para-aminobenzoic acid, potassium Hypoglycemia B-complex, C, chromium Indigestion B415, B425, pantothenic acid Infertility Para-aminobenzoic acid, zinc Insect stings C Insomnia B4125, calcium, choline, niacin, pangamic acid Kidney disease B-complex, calcium, D, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc Kidney stones Magnesium Leg cramps Biotin, calcium, niacin Leg ulcers F Liver disease A, B-complex, copper, D, iron, K, protein, zinc Malabsorption syndrome Fat-soluble vitamins, potassium Meniere's syndrome B-complex Menopause syndrome E Menstrual syndromes B-complex, calcium, E, iron, K Mental illness B415, B46 Migraine A, B-complex, E Miliaria C Myopathy B46 Myopia E Nausea B415, B46 Nervousness Calcium, magnesium Neuropathy B46 Nitrate toxicosis Folic acid Nitrous oxide toxicosis Folic acid Noise sensitivity Magnesium Obesity A, B-complex, C, calcium, E, F, magnesium Parasitic disease Para-aminobenzoic acid Pellagra Niacin Peptic ulcers Magnesium, P Pernicious anemia B4125 Phlebitis E Premenstrual tension B465, calcium, E, K Prostate problems Magnesium, zinc Psoriasis D, F, sulfur Pulmonary disease B-complex, C Rheumatic fever P, para-aminobenzoic acid Rheumatism Calcium, P, pangamic acid Rheumatoid arthritis F Scurvy C Sinusitis C, E Smoking toxicosis Beta-carotene, C, folic acid Stress (abnormal) A, B-complex, C, D, E, phosphorus Subacute encephalopathy Thiamine Sun sensitivity B465, para-aminobenzoic acid Tachycardia B41 Tinnitus Choline Tooth decay C, magnesium, niacin, pantothenic acid, phosphorus Tremors, finger Calcium Warts E Weight loss F Wilson's disease Copper Wrinkles E, para-aminobenzoic acid
| 4. Effects of Some Nutrients on Certain Medications |
Nutrient Antagonistic to:C Methyldopa, oral contraceptives (greater than 1000 mg/day) Calcium Tetracyclines E Oral coagulants Folic acid Anticonvulsants, fluorouracil, levodopa, methotrexate Iron Tetracyclines K Anticoagulants Magnesium Tetracyclines Pyridoxine (B465) Levodopa, penicillamine Zinc Tetracyclines
| 5. Symptoms of Hypervitamin Toxicosis |
Prolonged
Intake
Vitamin Levels Manifestations
A Adults: Anorexia Gastrointestinal dis-
50,000+ IU/d Behavioral changes tress
Infants: Bone pain Hair loss
20,000+ IU/d Cerebral edema Headaches
Depression Malaise
Dry/scaly skin Schizophrenia
Fatigue Spontaneous fractures
C Adults: Decreased beta-carotene Infantile mega-C level
4+ g/d utilization (possible) dependency
Decreased cysteine Intestinal colic
Diarrhea Iron overload (possible)
Hypercalcemia (possible) Low leukocyte activity
Increased cadimium ab- (possible)
sorption Nausea
Increased copper ab- Rectal bleeding
sorption Urinary tract calculi
D Adults: Anorexia Kidney stones
50,000+ IU/d Arrhythmia Muscular hypotonia
Infants: Bradycardia Polydipsia
3,000+ IU/d Constipation Polyuria
Hypercalcemia Vomiting
Kidney calcification
E Adults: Blurred vision (hypo- Low leukocyte activity
2,000+ IU/d vitaminosis A) Myopathy
Diarrhea Nausea
Fatigue (extreme) Pulmonary embolism
Gonadal dysfunction Purpura (hypovitamino-
Gynecomastia sis K)
Hypertension Rash
Intestinal colic Thrombophlebitis
E + Oral Increased serum choles- Increased serum trigly-
contraceptives terol cerides
Niacin Adults: Hypertension Liver damage
5+ g/d
Pyri- Adults: Injury to dorsal roots of spinal cord
doxine 500+ mg/d
Nutritional or ingested environment minerals may also lead to toxicosis.