Access to Chiropractic Care After Relocation
Characteristic	Decreased Accessa	Did Not Decrease Accessa	P Valueb
Sample size, no.	16,121	23,157
Mean age in years (SD)	75.1 (6.8)	75.4 (6.8)	< 0.001
Sex, no. (%)			0.70
Male	6,367 (39.5)	9,101 (39.3)
Female	9,754 (60.5)	14,056 (60.7)
Race, no. (%)			< 0.001
White	15,589 (96.7)	22,436 (96.9)
Black	244 (1.5)	247 (1.1)
Other	288 (1.8)	474 (2.1)
No. of comorbidities, no. (%)			0.15
0 or 1	11,976 (74.3)	17,103 (73.9)
2	2,595 (16.1)	3,890 (16.8)
3 or more	1,550 (9.6)	2,164 (9.3)
Baseline quintile of access to chiropractic care, no. (%)			< 0.001
Quintile 1 (excluded)	NA	NA
Quintile 2	622 (3.9)	6,094 (26.3)
Quintile 3	2,392 (14.8)	6,910 (29.8)
Quintile 4	5,091 (31.6)	6,165 (26.6)
Quintile 5	8,016 (49.7)	3,988 (17.2)
Baseline healthcare utilization rate, no. per 1,000 beneficiaries
Chiropractic care visits	6,176.1	6,252.2	0.34
Primary care visits for spine conditions	535.1	559.7	0.13
Visits to surgeons for spine conditions	252.2	267.4	0.10
Medical specialist visits for spine conditions	240.5	258.1	0.15
Plain film radiographs for spine conditions	296.8	311.0	0.02
Advanced imaging for spine conditions	171.9	175.8	0.35
Spine surgeries	21.4	23.4	0.23
Opioid prescriptions	766.1	744.0	0.39

a Restricted to older fee-for-service beneficiaries who used chiropractic care before relocation.

b t test used for comparisons of means and chi-squared test used for comparisons of proportions.