Where to start? A two stage residual inclusion approach to estimating influence of the initial provider on health care utilization and costs for low back pain in the US

Kenneth J. Harwood; Jesse M. Pines; C. Holly A. Andrilla; Bianca K. Frogner

doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08092-1

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics by first provider seen for low back pain

Total PT Chiro ACU APRN PCP PM&R Ortho EM All Other
Sample Size 3,799,593 109,480 942,925 37,522 60,734 957,619 160,537 192,144 91,979 1,246,653
Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%) Mean (%) SD
(%)
Female 56.0 49.6 60.4 48.9 53.4 49.9 63.3 48.2 58.5 49.3 54.3 49.8 58.4 49.3 56.1 49.6 53.9 49.8 58.3 49.3
Age 18–34 16.4 37.1 18.4 38.7 22.9 42.0 23.0 42.1 18.6 38.9 14.7 35.4 9.8 29.8 11.9 32.4 27.4 44.6 13.2 33.8
Age 35–44 16.4 37.1 17.3 37.8 20.2 40.2 30.2 45.9 18.4 38.7 16.4 37.0 13.3 33.9 12.8 33.4 21.7 41.2 13.6 34.3
Age 45–54 20.5 40.3 19.9 39.9 21.1 40.8 25.3 43.5 22.3 41.7 21.2 40.9 20.3 40.2 19.3 39.5 20.7 40.5 19.3 39.5
Age 55–64 21.5 41.1 20.7 40.5 18.2 38.6 15.5 36.2 21.8 41.3 22.8 42.0 24.8 43.2 23.8 42.6 15.8 36.5 23.0 42.1
Age 65–74 14.9 35.6 14.2 34.9 11.3 31.7 4.6 20.9 10.9 31.1 14.9 35.6 19.2 39.4 19.1 39.3 8.6 28.0 17.4 37.9
Age 75+ 10.2 30.3 9.5 29.3 6.2 24.1 1.4 12.0 8.0 27.2 10.0 30.0 12.6 33.2 13.0 33.6 5.9 23.5 13.5 34.2
Elixhauser Index (#) 0.04 0.22 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.21 0.05 0.23 0.04 0.21 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.18 0.07 0.26
Medicare Advantage 23.0 42.1 15.6 36.3 12.7 33.3 1.9 13.6 16.9 37.5 24.4 42.9 33.3 47.1 27.4 44.6 14.7 35.4 30.0 45.8
PPO/EPO 27.9 44.9 26.4 44.1 23.7 42.5 16.4 37.0 21.0 40.7 27.5 44.7 31.0 46.3 29.7 45.7 21.8 41.3 32.1 46.7
POS 54.8 49.8 60.8 48.8 67.6 46.8 80.7 39.5 64.5 47.9 52.8 49.9 46.2 49.9 51.0 50.0 58.9 49.2 46.3 49.9
HMO 14.0 34.7 9.0 28.6 6.1 24.0 2.4 15.4 11.1 31.4 16.8 37.3 19.6 39.7 15.5 36.2 17.6 38.1 17.6 38.1
Other 3.2 17.7 3.8 19.1 2.6 15.8 0.6 7.5 3.5 18.3 2.9 16.9 3.2 17.6 3.8 19.0 1.6 12.5 4.0 19.6
Not in High Deduct Plan 72.4 44.7 69.6 46.0 67.2 47.0 70.2 45.7 68.3 46.5 73.7 44.0 75.6 43.0 73.1 44.3 71.9 44.9 75.4 43.0
High Deductible Plan 22.3 41.6 24.1 42.7 28.6 45.2 28.3 45.0 24.3 42.9 21.2 40.9 18.9 39.1 21.2 40.8 25.5 43.6 18.3 38.7
Unknown High Deductible 5.3 22.3 6.4 24.4 4.2 20.1 1.5 12.1 7.3 26.1 5.1 21.9 5.5 22.9 5.7 23.2 2.5 15.7 6.2 24.1
Metropolitan (UIC) 86.0 34.7 91.8 27.5 84.7 36.0 98.0 14.1 77.5 41.8 85.4 35.3 90.3 29.6 89.7 30.3 90.7 29.1 85.4 35.3
Micropolitan (UIC) 6.5 24.7 3.8 19.1 7.7 26.6 0.7 8.2 11.1 31.4 6.6 24.9 4.7 21.2 4.8 21.4 4.4 20.4 6.4 24.4
Noncore (UIC) 7.5 26.4 4.4 20.6 7.6 26.5 1.3 11.5 11.5 31.9 8.0 27.1 5.0 21.8 5.4 22.7 5.0 21.8 8.2 27.4
County: Low Education 8.4 27.8 5.7 23.1 7.3 26.0 10.2 30.3 8.8 28.3 9.8 29.8 5.6 23.0 9.4 29.2 8.6 28.0 8.6 28.0
County: Low Employ 11.0 31.3 6.6 24.9 8.9 28.5 2.0 14.1 15.7 36.4 12.7 33.3 9.1 28.8 9.6 29.5 9.0 28.6 12.3 32.8
County: High Poverty 11.8 32.3 9.5 29.3 9.4 29.2 4.5 20.8 16.2 36.8 13.5 34.2 10.3 30.4 11.0 31.3 10.6 30.7 12.9 33.5
County Uninsured 11.0 5.0 9.5 4.4 10.3 4.9 8.6 4.1 10.8 4.9 11.4 5.0 10.8 4.6 11.6 5.0 11.2 4.9 11.5 5.0

	Total		PT		Chiro		ACU		APRN		PCP		PM&R		Ortho		EM		All Other
Sample Size	3,799,593		109,480		942,925		37,522		60,734		957,619		160,537		192,144		91,979		1,246,653
	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)	Mean (%)	SD (%)
Female	56.0	49.6	60.4	48.9	53.4	49.9	63.3	48.2	58.5	49.3	54.3	49.8	58.4	49.3	56.1	49.6	53.9	49.8	58.3	49.3
Age 18–34	16.4	37.1	18.4	38.7	22.9	42.0	23.0	42.1	18.6	38.9	14.7	35.4	9.8	29.8	11.9	32.4	27.4	44.6	13.2	33.8
Age 35–44	16.4	37.1	17.3	37.8	20.2	40.2	30.2	45.9	18.4	38.7	16.4	37.0	13.3	33.9	12.8	33.4	21.7	41.2	13.6	34.3
Age 45–54	20.5	40.3	19.9	39.9	21.1	40.8	25.3	43.5	22.3	41.7	21.2	40.9	20.3	40.2	19.3	39.5	20.7	40.5	19.3	39.5
Age 55–64	21.5	41.1	20.7	40.5	18.2	38.6	15.5	36.2	21.8	41.3	22.8	42.0	24.8	43.2	23.8	42.6	15.8	36.5	23.0	42.1
Age 65–74	14.9	35.6	14.2	34.9	11.3	31.7	4.6	20.9	10.9	31.1	14.9	35.6	19.2	39.4	19.1	39.3	8.6	28.0	17.4	37.9
Age 75+	10.2	30.3	9.5	29.3	6.2	24.1	1.4	12.0	8.0	27.2	10.0	30.0	12.6	33.2	13.0	33.6	5.9	23.5	13.5	34.2
Elixhauser Index (#)	0.04	0.22	0.02	0.14	0.02	0.14	0.01	0.10	0.04	0.21	0.05	0.23	0.04	0.21	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.18	0.07	0.26
Medicare Advantage	23.0	42.1	15.6	36.3	12.7	33.3	1.9	13.6	16.9	37.5	24.4	42.9	33.3	47.1	27.4	44.6	14.7	35.4	30.0	45.8
PPO/EPO	27.9	44.9	26.4	44.1	23.7	42.5	16.4	37.0	21.0	40.7	27.5	44.7	31.0	46.3	29.7	45.7	21.8	41.3	32.1	46.7
POS	54.8	49.8	60.8	48.8	67.6	46.8	80.7	39.5	64.5	47.9	52.8	49.9	46.2	49.9	51.0	50.0	58.9	49.2	46.3	49.9
HMO	14.0	34.7	9.0	28.6	6.1	24.0	2.4	15.4	11.1	31.4	16.8	37.3	19.6	39.7	15.5	36.2	17.6	38.1	17.6	38.1
Other	3.2	17.7	3.8	19.1	2.6	15.8	0.6	7.5	3.5	18.3	2.9	16.9	3.2	17.6	3.8	19.0	1.6	12.5	4.0	19.6
Not in High Deduct Plan	72.4	44.7	69.6	46.0	67.2	47.0	70.2	45.7	68.3	46.5	73.7	44.0	75.6	43.0	73.1	44.3	71.9	44.9	75.4	43.0
High Deductible Plan	22.3	41.6	24.1	42.7	28.6	45.2	28.3	45.0	24.3	42.9	21.2	40.9	18.9	39.1	21.2	40.8	25.5	43.6	18.3	38.7
Unknown High Deductible	5.3	22.3	6.4	24.4	4.2	20.1	1.5	12.1	7.3	26.1	5.1	21.9	5.5	22.9	5.7	23.2	2.5	15.7	6.2	24.1
Metropolitan (UIC)	86.0	34.7	91.8	27.5	84.7	36.0	98.0	14.1	77.5	41.8	85.4	35.3	90.3	29.6	89.7	30.3	90.7	29.1	85.4	35.3
Micropolitan (UIC)	6.5	24.7	3.8	19.1	7.7	26.6	0.7	8.2	11.1	31.4	6.6	24.9	4.7	21.2	4.8	21.4	4.4	20.4	6.4	24.4
Noncore (UIC)	7.5	26.4	4.4	20.6	7.6	26.5	1.3	11.5	11.5	31.9	8.0	27.1	5.0	21.8	5.4	22.7	5.0	21.8	8.2	27.4
County: Low Education	8.4	27.8	5.7	23.1	7.3	26.0	10.2	30.3	8.8	28.3	9.8	29.8	5.6	23.0	9.4	29.2	8.6	28.0	8.6	28.0
County: Low Employ	11.0	31.3	6.6	24.9	8.9	28.5	2.0	14.1	15.7	36.4	12.7	33.3	9.1	28.8	9.6	29.5	9.0	28.6	12.3	32.8
County: High Poverty	11.8	32.3	9.5	29.3	9.4	29.2	4.5	20.8	16.2	36.8	13.5	34.2	10.3	30.4	11.0	31.3	10.6	30.7	12.9	33.5
County Uninsured	11.0	5.0	9.5	4.4	10.3	4.9	8.6	4.1	10.8	4.9	11.4	5.0	10.8	4.6	11.6	5.0	11.2	4.9	11.5	5.0