Table 1

Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching

Characteristic	Before matching			After matching
	CSMT	Other care	P value	CSMT	Other care	P value
N	5785	482 704		5785	5785
Age	36.9±8.2	37.4±8.2	<0.001	36.9±8.2	36.9±8.2	0.972
Sex
Female	3535 (61%)	288 061 (60%)	0.028	3535 (61%)	3539 (61%)	0.939
Male	2250 (39%)	194 587 (40%)	0.029	2250 (39%)	2245 (39%)	0.924
Race
Black or African American	431 (8%)	90 838 (19%)	<0.001	431 (8%)	433 (8%)	0.944
White	4389 (76%)	313 938 (65%)	<0.001	4389 (76%)	4368 (76%)	0.649
Asian	99 (2%)	9913 (2%)	0.068	99 (2%)	100 (2%)	0.943
Ethnicity
Hispanic/Latino	157 (3%)	37 715 (8%)	<0.001	157 (3%)	154 (3%)	0.863
Not Hispanic/Latino	4839 (84%)	311 836 (65%)	<0.001	4839 (84%)	4808 (83%)	0.439
Conditions (ICD-10)
Mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders (F01-F99)	2177 (38%)	145 444 (30%)	<0.001	2177 (38%)	2158 (37%)	0.715
Lumbosacral root disorders, not elsewhere classified (G54.4)	24 (<1%)	878 (<1%)	<0.001	24 (<1%)	16 (<1%)	0.205
Radiculopathy, lumbar region (M54.16)	1713 (30%)	138 388 (29%)	0.115	1713 (30%)	1666 (29%)	0.337
Radiculopathy, lumbosacral region (M54.17)	1420 (25%)	73 363 (15%)	<0.001	1420 (25%)	1375 (24%)	0.328
Radiculopathy, sacral and sacrococcygeal region (M54.18)	62 (1%)	1052 (<1%)	<0.001	62 (1%)	58 (1%)	0.714
Sciatica (M54.3)	1432 (25%)	150 984 (31%)	<0.001	1432 (25%)	1407 (24%)	0.589
Lumbago with sciatica (M54.4)	1411 (24%)	158 467 (33%)	<0.001	1411 (24%)	1360 (24%)	0.267
Procedure (ICD-10-PCS)
Introduction of anaesthetic agent into spinal canal, percutaneous approach	10 (<1%)	991 (<1%)	0.588	10 (<1%)	10 (<1%)	1
Medications (VANDF)
Opioid Analgesics (CN101)	1883 (33%)	156 838 (33%)	0.925	1883 (33%)	1881 (33%)	0.968
Central nervous system medications (CN000)	3619 (63%)	279 764 (58%)	<0.001	3619 (63%)	3603 (62%)	0.759
BMI (kg/m²)	30.6±6.9	30.6±7.2	0.571	30.6±6.9	30.1±7.2	0.005

BMI, body mass index;
CSMT, chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy;
ICD, International Classification of Disease;
ICD-10-PCS, International Classification of Disease procedure coding system;
VANDF, Veterans Health Administration National Drug File.