Estimation of Total Usual Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Women in the United States

Regan L. Bailey; Susan G. Pac; Victor L. Fulgoni, III; Kathleen C. Reidy; Patrick M. Catalano

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967

Table 1.

Sample Characteristics for US Women Aged 20 to 40 Years by Pregnancy Status in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2014

Characteristic Nonpregnant and Nonlactating Women, Mean (SE) (n = 5523) Pregnant and Nonlactating Women, Mean (SE) (n = 1003)
Age, y 30.0 (0.2) 28.0 (0.3)^a
Trimester of pregnancy, %
First NA 26.5 (2.5)
Second NA 36.0 (3.1)
Third NA 37.5 (3.0)
Race/ethnicity, %^b
Non-Hispanic white 62.0 (1.6) 54.5 (3.1)^a
Hispanic or Mexican 17.2 (1.1) 19.7 (2.3)
Non-Hispanic black 13.8 (0.9) 17.5 (2.2)
Educational level, %
High school or GED or less 36.9 (1.2) 39.2 (2.6)
Some college but no degree 37.3 (0.9) 31.5 (2.3)^a
Undergraduate degree or higher 25.8 (1.0) 29.2 (2.6)
Income to poverty ratio, %
≤130 31.0 (1.1) 29.8 (2.3)
131 to <185 11.8 (0.5) 13.4 (1.7)
≥185 57.2 (1.1) 56.8 (3.0)
Physical activity, %^c
Sedentary 21.9 (0.8) 33.3 (2.8)^a
Moderate 35.0 (1.0) 48.9 (2.8)^a
Vigorous 43.1 (1.3) 17.8 (2.1)^a
Dietary supplement use, % 47.1 (1.1) 69.8 (2.3)^a
Alcohol use, % 21.7 (0.9) 3.4 (0.7)^a
Smoking currently, % 20.3 (0.9) 5.9 (1.1)^a

Abbreviations: GED, general equivalency diploma; NA, not applicable.
^aMeans or proportions are significantly different (P < .05).
^bRace/ethnicity does not sum to 100% because the “other” category is not presented per National Center for Health Statistics analytical guidelines.
^cPhysical activity level was divided into 3 groups based on number of days in which there was hard exercise using the Physical Activity Questionnaire responses.

Characteristic	Nonpregnant and Nonlactating Women, Mean (SE) (n = 5523)	Pregnant and Nonlactating Women, Mean (SE) (n = 1003)
Age, y	30.0 (0.2)	28.0 (0.3)^a
Trimester of pregnancy, %
First	NA	26.5 (2.5)
Second	NA	36.0 (3.1)
Third	NA	37.5 (3.0)
Race/ethnicity, %^b
Non-Hispanic white	62.0 (1.6)	54.5 (3.1)^a
Hispanic or Mexican	17.2 (1.1)	19.7 (2.3)
Non-Hispanic black	13.8 (0.9)	17.5 (2.2)
Educational level, %
High school or GED or less	36.9 (1.2)	39.2 (2.6)
Some college but no degree	37.3 (0.9)	31.5 (2.3)^a
Undergraduate degree or higher	25.8 (1.0)	29.2 (2.6)
Income to poverty ratio, %
≤130	31.0 (1.1)	29.8 (2.3)
131 to <185	11.8 (0.5)	13.4 (1.7)
≥185	57.2 (1.1)	56.8 (3.0)
Physical activity, %^c
Sedentary	21.9 (0.8)	33.3 (2.8)^a
Moderate	35.0 (1.0)	48.9 (2.8)^a
Vigorous	43.1 (1.3)	17.8 (2.1)^a
Dietary supplement use, %	47.1 (1.1)	69.8 (2.3)^a
Alcohol use, %	21.7 (0.9)	3.4 (0.7)^a
Smoking currently, %	20.3 (0.9)	5.9 (1.1)^a