Figure 57 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for two short-term studies of cognitive-behavioral therapy with a relaxation component vs. usual care, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.40 (95% confidence interval −0.79 to 0.00) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for two short-term studies of cognitive-behavioral therapy with a relaxation component vs. pharmacologic therapy, with a pooled standardized mean differences of 0.03 (95% confidence interval −1.35 to 1.27) and an overall I-squared value of 73.1%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for one study each of intermediate-term cognitive-behavioral therapy with a relaxation component vs. usual care (−0.65, 95% CI −1.06 to −0.24), short-term relaxation therapy vs. usual care (−0.21, 95% CI −0.78 to 0.36), and intermediate term cognitive-behavioral therapy with a relaxation component vs. pharmacologic therapy (0.11, 95% CI −0.28 to 0.50). Results were not pooled.

Figure 57Psychological therapies versus waitlist, attention control, placebo intervention, or pharmacological treatment for chronic tension headache: effects on pain (mean difference)

/ = an attention control arm and a waitlist arm; = cognitive-behavioral therapy; CBT/RLX = cognitive-behavioral therapy with a relaxation component; = confidence interval; PB = placebo (pill); PHARM = standard pharmacological therapy; RLX = Relaxation therapy; = standardized mean difference; = usual care

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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