Figure 8 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.34 (95% confidence interval −0.75 to −0.02) and an overall I-squared value of 44.6%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.40 (95% confidence interval −0.85 to −0.05) and an overall I-squared value of 65.2%.

Figure 8Spinal manipulation versus sham manipulation, usual care, an attention control, or a placebo intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on function

= attention control; = confidence interval; N = number; = Oswestry Disability Index; PI = placebo intervention; = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; = standard deviation; = standardized mean difference; SP= sham manipulation; = usual care; BEAM = UK Back pain exercise and manipulation trial; = Von Korff functional disability

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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