Figure 9 is a forest plot. Mean differences were reported or calculated for three short-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.36 (95% confidence interval −0.62 to 0.25) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.64 (95% confidence interval −0.93 to −0.35) and an overall I-squared value of 0%.

Figure 9Spinal manipulation versus sham manipulation, usual care, an attention control, or a placebo intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on pain

= attention control; = confidence interval; N = number; PI = placebo intervention; = standard deviation; SP = sham manipulation; = usual care; BEAM = UK Back pain exercise and manipulation trial

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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