Table 4, Overview of included studies - Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update

Intervention	Comparator	Chronic Low Back Pain	Chronic Neck Pain	Osteoarthritis	Fibromyalgia	Chronic Tension Headache
Exercise	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	10³¹^–⁴⁰ [4 new trials]	6⁴¹^–⁴⁶	Knee OA: 22 (25)⁴⁷^–⁷¹ [4 new trials] Hip OA: 4⁴⁷^,⁷²^–⁷⁴ Hand OA: 1⁷⁵	22 (24)⁷⁶^–⁹⁹	0
Pharmacological therapy	0	2¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰¹ [1 new trial]	1 (2)¹⁰²^,¹⁰³ [1 new trial in 2 publications]	1⁹³	0
Psychological Therapies	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	5¹⁰⁴^–¹⁰⁸	1⁴⁵	Knee OA: 4¹⁰⁹^–¹¹² [2 new trials] Hip, Hand OA: 0	16 (18)⁷⁸^,⁹⁷^,⁹⁸^,¹¹³^–¹²⁷ [6 new trials in 7 publications]	2¹²⁸^,¹²⁹
Pharmacological therapy	0	0	0	4 (5)¹¹³^,¹²²^,¹²³^,¹³⁰^,¹³¹ [1 new trial in 2 publications]	2¹²⁹^,¹³²
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	1¹³³	1⁴⁵	Knee OA: 1¹³⁴ Hip, Hand OA: 0	5⁷⁸^,⁹⁷^,⁹⁸^,¹³⁵^,¹³⁶	0
Physical Modalities	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	8¹³⁷^–¹⁴⁴ [1 new trial]	5¹⁴⁵^–¹⁴⁹	Knee OA: 15¹⁵⁰^–¹⁶⁴ [2 new trials] Hip OA: 0 Hand OA: 2¹⁶⁵^,¹⁶⁶	2¹⁶⁷^,¹⁶⁸	1¹⁶⁹
Pharmacological therapy	0	0	0	0	0
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	1¹⁷⁰	0	0	0	0
Manual Therapies	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	12¹⁰⁸^,¹⁴³^,¹⁷¹^–¹⁸⁰ [2 new trials]	3¹⁸¹^–¹⁸³ [1 new trial]	Knee OA: 2⁴⁷^,¹⁸⁴ Hip OA: 1⁴⁷ Hand OA: 0	2¹⁸⁵^,¹⁸⁶	1¹⁸⁷
Pharmacological therapy	0	0	0	0	1¹⁸⁸
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	5¹⁷⁴^,¹⁸⁹^–¹⁹²	1¹⁸¹	Knee OA: 1⁴⁷ Hip OA: 2⁴⁷^,¹⁹³ Hand OA: 0	0	0
Mindfulness Practices	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	5 (7)¹⁰⁴^,¹⁹⁴^–¹⁹⁹	0	0	3 (4)²⁰⁰^–²⁰³ [1 new trial]	0
Pharmacological therapy	0	0	0	0	0
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	0	0	0	0	0
Mind-body Practices	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	11³⁷^,⁴⁰^,²⁰⁴^–²¹² [4 new trials]	1 (2)²¹³^,²¹⁴ [1 new publication]	Knee OA: 2²¹⁵^,²¹⁶ Hip, Hand OA: 0	2²¹⁷^,²¹⁸	0
Pharmacological therapy	0	0	0	0	0
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	7³⁷^,⁴⁰^,²⁰⁵^–²⁰⁷^,²¹⁹^,²²⁰ [2 new trials]	2²²¹^,²²²	0	1²²³ [1 new trial]	0
Acupuncture	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	8¹⁷⁶^,²²⁴^–²³⁰	8 (9)²¹³^,²¹⁴^,²³¹^–²³⁷ [1 new publication]	Knee OA: 9⁶⁷^,²³⁸^–²⁴⁵ Hip, Hand OA: 0	5²⁴⁶^–²⁵⁰ [2 new trials]	3²⁵¹^–²⁵³
Pharmacological therapy	0	2²³¹^,²⁵⁴	0	0	0
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	0	0	Knee OA: 1⁶⁷ Hip, Hand OA: 0	0	0
Function Restoration Training	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	0	0	0	0	0
Pharmacological therapy	0	0	0	0	0
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	0	0	0	0	0
Multi-disciplinary Rehabilitation	Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention	7²⁵⁵^–²⁶⁰	0	Knee, Hip OA: 0 Hand OA: 1²⁶¹	6 (8)⁹⁶^,²⁶²^–²⁶⁸	0
Pharmacological therapy	1²⁶⁹	0	0	0	0
Exercise (or biofeedback for CTTH)	9 (13)¹³³^,²⁷⁰^–²⁸¹	0	0	1⁹⁶	0

Intervention

Comparator

Chronic Low Back Pain

Chronic Neck Pain

Osteoarthritis

Fibromyalgia

Chronic Tension Headache

Exercise

Sham, usual care, waitlist, no treatment, attention

10³¹^–⁴⁰

[4 new trials]

6⁴¹^–⁴⁶